What did the Indian Removal Act authorized the President to do?

Law authorizing removal of Indians from Us states

Indian Removal Human action

Long championship	An Act to provide for an substitution of lands with the Indians residing in whatsoever of united states of america or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi.
Enacted by	the 21st United states Congress
Citations
Public law	Pub.L. 21–148
Statutes at Large	4 Stat. 411
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate equally South. 102 Passed the Senate on April 24, 1830 (28-19) Passed the House on May 26, 1830 (101-97) Signed into police force by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830

The Indian Removal Deed was signed into police on May 28, 1830, by United States President Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern (including Mid-Atlantic) Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for white settlement of their bequeathed lands.^{[one] [two] [3]} The Human activity was signed past Andrew Jackson and it was strongly enforced under his assistants and that of Martin Van Buren, which extended until 1841.^[4]

The Act was strongly supported past southern and northwestern populations, but was opposed by native tribes and the Whig Party. The Cherokee worked together to stop this relocation, but were unsuccessful; they were somewhen forcibly removed by the United states of america authorities in a march to the westward that later on became known as the Trail of Tears, which has been described as an act of genocide, because many died during the removals.^[5]

Groundwork [edit]

President Andrew Jackson called for an American Indian Removal Human activity in his first (1829) State of the Matrimony address.

Sharing European civilization [edit]

When Europeans and Native Americans came into contact during colonial times or in the early The states, the Europeans felt their civilization to be superior: they had writing, navigation, and Christianity. The obvious solution, whose validity was not even debated until much later, was to share their civilization with the Native Americans, and for them to adopt European civilization. This acculturation was originally proposed by George Washington and was well underway among the Cherokee and the Choctaw by the beginning of the 19th century.^[six] Indians were encouraged to adopt European customs. First, they must convert to Christianity and abandon "pagan" practices. They should too learn to speak and read English, although there was a pocket-sized-scale interest in creating a writing and printing system for a few Native languages, especially Cherokee. The Native Americans had to adopt monogamous heterosexual marriage and abandon not-marital sex. Finally, they had to have the concept of individual buying of land and other property (including, in some instances, African slaves).^[vii] Thomas Jefferson's policy echoed that of Washington'southward: respect the Indians' rights to their homelands, and permit the Five Civilized Tribes to remain eastward of the Mississippi provided that they adopted beliefs and cultural practices that were uniform with those of the European Americans. Jefferson believed in and promoted a lodge based on agronomics.

The perceived failure of this policy [edit]

The Usa government began a systematic effort to remove American Indian tribes from the Southeast.^[8] The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, and original Cherokee nations^[9] had been established equally democratic nations in the southeastern United States.

Andrew Jackson sought to renew a policy of political and military activeness for the removal of the Indians from these lands and worked toward enacting a police for Indian removal.^{[x] [xi]} In his 1829 Country of the Spousal relationship accost, Jackson called for Indian removal.^[12]

The Indian Removal Act was put in place to requite to the Southern states the land that belonged to the Native Americans. The act was passed in 1830, although dialogue had been ongoing since 1802 betwixt Georgia and the federal authorities concerning the possibility of such an act. Ethan Davis states that "the federal government had promised Georgia that it would extinguish Indian championship within the state's borders by purchase 'equally soon as such purchase could exist made upon reasonable terms'".^[13] Every bit fourth dimension passed, Southern states began to speed upwardly the process past claiming that the deal between Georgia and the federal government was invalid and that Southern states could pass laws extinguishing Indian title themselves. In response, the federal government passed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to carve up the United states of america territory westward of the Mississippi River into districts for tribes to replace the land from which they were removed.

In the 1823 case of Johnson v. M'Intosh, the United states of america Supreme Courtroom handed down a decision stating that Indians could occupy and command lands within the U.s. just could not hold title to those lands.^[14] Jackson viewed the union as a federation of highly esteemed states, every bit was common before the American Civil War. He opposed Washington's policy of establishing treaties with Indian tribes as if they were foreign nations. Thus, the creation of Indian jurisdictions was a violation of state sovereignty under Article Iv, Section iii of the Constitution. As Jackson saw it, either Indians comprised sovereign states (which violated the Constitution) or they were subject field to the laws of existing states of the Union. Jackson urged Indians to assimilate and obey state laws. Further, he believed that he could only accommodate the desire for Indian self-rule in federal territories, which required resettlement west of the Mississippi River on federal lands.^{[15] [16]}

Support and opposition [edit]

Congressional debates concerning the Indian Removal Act, Apr 1830

The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, especially in Georgia, which was the largest state in 1802 and was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Georgia crisis.^[17] Besides the Five Civilized Tribes, additional people afflicted included the Wyandot, the Kickapoo, the Potowatomi, the Shawnee, and the Lenape.^[xviii]

The Indian Removal Deed was controversial. Many Americans during this time favored its passage, simply there was besides meaning opposition. Many Christian missionaries protested confronting information technology, most notably missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts. In Congress, New Jersey Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett spoke out against the legislation. The Removal Deed passed only after a bitter argue in Congress.^{[xix] [twenty]} Clay extensively campaigned against it on the National Republican Party ticket in the 1832 United States presidential ballot.^[twenty]

Jackson viewed the demise of Indian tribal nations as inevitable, pointing to the advocacy of settled life and the demise of tribal nations in the American northeast. He called his Northern critics hypocrites, given the North'due south history regarding tribes inside their territory. Jackson stated that "progress requires moving forward."^[21]

Humanity has frequently wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and philanthropy has long been busily employed in devising means to avoid it, only its progress has never for a moment been arrested, and ane by 1 have many powerful tribes disappeared from the earth... Only true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another... In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated or has disappeared to make room for the existing barbarous tribes… Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was constitute by our forefathers. What proficient man would prefer a state covered with forests and ranged by a few chiliad savages to our all-encompassing Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or manufacture execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, culture, and religion?^{[22] [23] [24]}

According to historian H. W. Brands, Jackson sincerely believed that his population transfer was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Indians from "utter annihilation". Jackson portrayed the removal as a generous human activity of mercy.^[21]

According to Robert G. Keeton, proponents of the neb used biblical narratives to justify the forced resettlement of Native Americans.^[25]

Vote [edit]

On Apr 24, 1830, the Senate passed the Indian Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19.^[26] On May 26, 1830, the House of Representatives passed the Human activity by a vote of 101 to 97.^[27] On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Human activity was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson.

Implementation [edit]

The Removal Deed paved the fashion for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the Due west in an issue widely known as the "Trail of Tears," a forced resettlement of the Indian population.^{[28] [29] [thirty] [31]} The first removal treaty signed was the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830, in which Choctaws in Mississippi ceded land east of the river in exchange for payment and state in the West. The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835 and resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.

The Seminoles and other tribes did not exit peacefully, equally they resisted the removal along with fugitive slaves. The 2d Seminole State of war lasted from 1835 to 1842 and resulted in the authorities allowing them to remain in southward Florida swampland. Only a modest number remained, and around 3,000 were removed in the war.^[32]

Encounter besides [edit]

• Worcester v. Georgia

References [edit]

1. ^ The U.S. Senate passed the beak on Apr 24, 1830 (28–nineteen), the U.South. Firm passed information technology on May 26, 1830 (102–97); Prucha, Francis Paul, The Neat Begetter: The United States Regime and the American Indians, Volume I, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Printing, 1984, p. 206.
2. ^ The Congressional Record; May 26, 1830; House vote No. 149; Government Tracker online; retrieved October 2015
3. ^ "Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents of Americas History". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
4. ^ Lewey, Guenter (September one, 2004). "Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?". Commentary . Retrieved March 8, 2017. Also available in reprint from the History News Network.
5. ^ The "Indian Problem". 10:51–xi:17: National Museum of the American Indian. March iii, 2015. Event occurs at 12:21. Retrieved April xvi, 2018. When you move a people from one place to another, when yous displace people, when you wrench people from their homelands ... wasn't that genocide? We don't make the case that there was genocide. We know at that place was. Yet here we are. {{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
6. ^ Thor, The Mighty (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"". Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Structure in the Early South. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. ISBN978-0-8203-2731-0.
7. ^ "Trail of Tears". History.com. A+E Networks. 2009.
8. ^ "Indian Removal". PBS Africans in America: Judgment 24-hour interval. WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999.
9. ^ These tribes were referred to equally the "5 Civilized Tribes" by Colonial settlers.
10. ^ Jefferson, Thomas (1803). "President Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory". Retrieved 2012-07-14 .
11. ^ Jackson, Andrew. "President Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal Human activity". Mountain Holyoke College. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
12. ^ "Andrew Jackson calls for Indian removal – North Carolina Digital History". www.learnnc.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2015-04-07 .
13. ^ Davis, Ethan. "An Administrative Trail of Tears: Indian Removal". The American Journal of Legal History. 50 (one): 50–55.
14. ^ "Indial Removal 1814–1858". Public Broadcasting Organization. Retrieved 2009-08-11 .
15. ^ Brands, H.W. (2006). Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times. Ballast. p. 488. ISBN978-1-4000-3072-9.
16. ^ Wilson, Woodrow (1898). Division and Reunion 1829–1889. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 35–38. Indian question.
17. ^ "Indian Removal Act". A&East Television Networks. 2011. Archived from the original on March eight, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
18. ^ "Timeline of Removal". Oklahoma Historical Guild . Retrieved 18 January 2019.
19. ^ Howe pp. 348–52.
20. ^ ^{a b} Farris, Scott (2012). Virtually president : the men who lost the race but inverse the nation. Internet Archive. Guilford, CN: Lyons Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-7627-6378-8.
21. ^ ^{a b} Brands; (2006); pp. 489–93
22. ^ Brands; (2006); p. 490
23. ^ "Statements from the Debate on Indian Removal". Columbia University. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
24. ^ Steven Mintz, ed. (1995). Native American Voices: A History and Anthology. Vol. 2. Brandywine Press. pp. 115–xvi.
25. ^ Keeton, Robert M. (2015-07-10). v. "The Race of Pale Men Should Increase and Multiply". New York University Press. doi:10.18574/9781479895731-007 (inactive 28 February 2022). ISBN978-1-4798-9573-i. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive equally of Feb 2022 (link)
26. ^ "To Order Engrossment and Third Reading of S. 102". GovTrack. 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-10-21 .
27. ^ "To Pass S. 102. (P. 729)". GovTrack. 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-10-21 . The nib passed 101–97, with xi not voting
28. ^ Greenwood, Robert E. (2007). Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture has Inverse From "We the People" Into a One World Government. Outskirts Press. p. 97.
29. ^ Molhotra, Rajiv (2009). "American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers". In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth (ed.). The Challenge of Eurocentrism . Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 180, 184, 189, 199. ISBN9780230612273.
30. ^ Finkelman, Paul; Kennon, Donald R. (2008). Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism. Ohio University Printing. pp. 15, 141, 254.
31. ^ BKiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale Academy Press. pp. 328, 330.
32. ^ Foner, Eric (2006). Give me freedom . Norton. ISBN9780393927825.

Further reading [edit]

• Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. (2007) ISBN 978-0-19-507894-vii

External links [edit]

• Indian Removal Act and related resources, at the Library of Congress
• 1830 State of the Union on Indian Removal; Text at 100 Milestone Documents

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act

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